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Thermodynamics

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Electromagnetic Waves

According to Faraday’s laws of electro-magnetic induction, a time varying magnetic field behaves as a source of electric field. This principle of generating electric field by changing magnetic fields is employed in transformers, inductances and induction accelerators. According to Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s law, a changing electric field gives rise to a magnetic field. It means that when either of the fields (magnetic or electric) changes with time, the other field is induced in the space. This leads to the generation of electromagnetic disturbances comprising of time varying electric and magnetic fields. Such a disturbance can be propagated through space even in the absence of any material medium. These disturbances have the properties of a wave and are called electromagnetic waves, wireless waves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and -rays are electromagnetic radiations and are propagated through free space with a velocity equal to 3 × 10⁸ m/s.

In 1887, Hertz produced electromagnetic waves using an oscillatory circuit. He also measured the wavelength and knowing the frequency of the waves, calculated the velocity of these waves. The value of velocity agrees well with the theoretical value calculated by Maxwell.