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Gravitational Force

The gravitational interaction is a universal phenomenon which acts between all forms of matter and energy. The quantitative nature of gravitational force was first given by Newton; according to Newton’s law of gravitation, between any two material particles there exists an attractive force of gravitation, given by

where m₁ and m₂ are the masses and r₁₂ is the relative distance between the (interacting) particles. The value of gravitational constant G is about 6.7 × 10^-11 Nm/kg².

The gravitational interaction plays significant role only when masses involved are large. It becomes the decisive force when we study motions of planets, stars, or other cosmic objects. The gravitational interaction between earth and other relatively smaller objects near the surface of earth produces an almost uniform acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/s² (approximately) in all these objects. Hence in considering the motion of any such prototype object, e.g. a block or a sphere of mass m on the surface of earth, it is implicit that gravity force mg is acting on the object. On the other hand, if we are considering the motion of microscopic particles like electrons etc. the gravity force is completely because of the tiny masses of these particles.