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Newtons Space Laws

What is motion? The phrase “change of position with time” expresses the basic idea of motion. We say that an object is moving if it occupies different positions in space at different times. In contrast, if an object does not change its position in space as time flows, we say that the object is at rest. Inherent in this description of rest and motion is the observer that is ‘we’ and the concepts of a separate space and time.

Our perception tells us that space exists as a stationary, permanent and absolute background in which we can place an object, or through which an object can move without any interaction with it. Newton formulated this idea by asserting, “Absolute space, in its own nature, without relation to anything external, remains always similar and immovable.” Time according to newton, is also flows on without relation to the presence of any physical object or event. In his words, “Absolute, true and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external, and by another name is called duration.” In this Newtonian absolute space and time, motion of an object is characterized by change of its position in space as time evolves.

However, since this abstract absolute space cannot be seen and/or no part of it can be distinguished from another, how do we fix the position of an object in this? Today we know that in fact there is no object (in the universe) at rest in this ‘absolute space’, with respect to which we can define the position of another object. Therefore, at any instant of time, the position of an object is always defined by ‘’the observer’ with respect to himself. An observer, always, first creates a local space, in which positions of other objects are then described. This creates a local space, in which positions of other objects are then described. This local space, to which is attached the observer, is called a frame of reference.

The concepts of rest and motion are therefore relative, that is, these are in relation to a frame of reference or observer. A house built on Earth does not change its position in the local space or frame of reference attached to Moon for example (or in other words, in the local space associated with Moon), its (house on Earth’s position continuously changes. Thus, even within the Newtonian point of view, space does not exist on its own but is a relative space. Time, on the other hand, is same and flows equably everywhere, i.e. for example its rate of flow is same both on Earth and Moon.