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Strong Force

Although electro-magnetic forces bind electrons to nuclei to produce stable atoms, the same force would not allow the protons to stay inside a nucleus. The protons and neutrons are bound by another fundamental force, called ‘strong interaction’. It is a short range force which becomes negligible for distances greater than about 1fermi, or 1F (1F = 10^-15 m); however, within these nuclear distances it becomes nearly 100 times stronger than electro-magnetic force. Further, at distances less than 0.5 F, strong force again becomes extremely repulsive and expresses the hard ‘core’ of nuclear particles.

Strong nuclear forces show a very complex behavior. To mention a few things: (i) strong force is non-central, i.e. it depends not only in the relative distance r of the two nuclear particles but also on their relative orientations in space. The orientation of a nuclear particle in space is decided by its spin vector as well as orbital angular momentum vector. (ii) the dependence of strong force on orbital angular momentum implies that it is velocity dependent. Thus, strong forces cannot be expressed in terms of a simple potential energy function.

Nevertheless, the dependence of strong force on the relative distance (other parameters being same) between the two nuclear is given, in its simplest form, by Yukawa potential (proposed by H. Yukawa in 1937):

where and are constants.

The strong force finds no place in classical (Newtonian) mechanics.