Elements of Crystal Structure

The elements and their compounds usually occur in three states viz. solid, liquid and gas. In solids and liquids the distance between the neighbouring atoms is of the order of few angstrom units. They contain about 1029 atoms per cubic metre. In solids, the atoms are grouped together in a regular manner forming a three dimensional pattern. The complete structure of atoms in a solid is the repetition of a certain unit pattern called the unit cell.

Fig. represents the structure of a solid in a two dimensional plane. The experiments on X-ray diffraction using crystals have clearly shown that the atoms or molecules in a crystal are in periodic arrangement.

The interatomic distance is of the order of the wavelength of X-rays. X-ray diffraction experiments have helped in the study of the structure of crystals viz. NaCl, Cu, proteins etc.

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