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Fibre Optics

When a beam of light enters one end of a transparent rod, say a glass rod, the light beam is totally internally reflected and gets trapped within the red. Such a rod is called a light pipe.

A bundle of fine fibres also behaves in the same manner. The bundle has the advantage of flexibility. A beam entering at one end can be transmitted at the other end through the fibre, even though the fibre is curved.

A bundle may consist of thousands of individual fibres with diameter in the range 0.0002 cm to 0.001 cm. In case the fibres are arranged so that the free ends on both sides are at the same relative positions, the bundle can transmit an image from one end to the other end.

The study of the properties of such a bundle of fibres is known as fibre optics. Applications of fibre optics in medicine are wide ranging. With the help of fibre optics, it is possible to study the interior of the lungs and the other parts of the human body that cannot be viewed directly. It also useful in the study of tissues and blood vessels far below the skin. For this purpose, a bundle of fibres in enclosed in a hypodermic needle. This flexible fiber bundles are used in medicines as endoscopes. Endoscopes are employed to make observations at a place that can be approached only along a curved path.

Fibre bundles that are referred above are said to be passive i.e. they merely convey light from one end to the other end. Recently Snitzer (1961) has produced active scintillating fibres in which light is actually generated and conveyed to the other end. Fibre lasers are useful to develop flexible high intensity laser probes.