Acids Preparation

1. By oxidation of primary alcohols: carboxylic acids can be easily prepared by oxidation of primary alcohols with acidified potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate.


    
2. By oxidation of Aldehydes: aldehydes on oxidation with usual oxidizing agents give carboxylic acid with same number of carbon atoms as in the aldehydes.


    
3. By oxidation of Methyl Ketones: Methyl ketones can also be easily oxidized to carboxylic ion by hypohalite solutions. The salts of carboxylic acid so formed, can be hydrolysed to corresponding carboxylic acid. In this method, the acid formed has one carbon atom less than the parent hetone.


    
4. From Alkyl cyanides: Alkyl cyanides on hydrolysis with dilute acids or alkalies give carboxylic acids.



This method serves as a very good synthetic method for preparation of carboxylic acids.
    
5. By carbonation of Grignard Reagents: carboxylic acids can be obtained by carbonation of Grignard reagents. The reaction is carried out by bubbling CO₂ (dry ice is employed as source of carbon dioxide) through ethereal solution of Grignard reagent and subsequent hydrolysis with dil. Acids.



This method gives carboxylic acid with one carbon more than the starting compound.
    
6. From sodium Alkoxide and carbon monoxide: heating of sodium alkoxide with CO under pressure yields sodium salt of fatty acids which on subsequent acidification gives acid.

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