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Non Soapy Detergents

These are also called synthetic detergents, or syndets or soapless soaps or just detergents. So in our routine language when we say detergent, it means the synthetic detergent. These synthetic detergents are designed in such a way that while using them problems do not arise with the hardness of water just as they arise with the use of soap. They do not form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts with hard water and can be used for washing even with hard water.

A synthetic detergent is the sodium salt of a long chain benzene sulphonic acid or the sodium salt of a long chain alkyl hydrogensulphate.

Like soaps they contain an ionic group such as sulphonate group, or sulphate group and long chain hydrocarbon which is non-ionic group.

Preparation of synthetic detergents

Synthetic detergents are prepared by reacting hydrocarbons from petroleum with conc. Sulphuric acid and converting the product into its sodium salt. Some synthetic detergents are prepared by treating long chain alcohols with concentrated sulphuric acid followed by neutralization with alkali. Examples of synthetic detergents are sodium p-dodecyl benzenesulphonate and sodium lauryl sulphate.

Some detergents may be cationic or non-ionic

Cationic detergents are generally quarternary ammonium salts as chlorides and acetates. These detergents are quite expensive and find limited use. Some of these detergents have germicidal properties and are used as germicides.

Some synthetic detergents are non-ionic. For example, esters of high molecular mass formed by reaction between stearic acid and polyethylene glycol.

Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type. Washing powders available in the market contain about 15 to 30 percent detergents by weight and the remaining part is other chemicals which are added to it.