Aldehydes Ketones Reduction
Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to a variety of compounds under different conditions and with different reducing agents.
(a) Reduction to alcohols: Aldehydes and ketones on mild reduction give primary and secondary alcohols respectively. This type of reduction is carried out either catalytically with H2 in the presence of Ni, Pt or Pd or chemically by lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4).
Some examples are:
(i) Catalytic reduction with molecular hydrogen in the presence of metallic catalyst (Pt, Pd, Ni)
(ii) With nascent hydrogen (Zn + CH3COOH, Na + C2H5OH, Zn + alc. NaOH etc.)
(iii) With complex metallic hydrides (LiAlH4), (LAH), NaBH4 (NBH) and LiBH4 (LBH)
Reduction to hydrocarbons: the carbonyl group (> C = O) can be reduced to methylene (> CH2) group resulting in the formation of alkanes by any of the following reagents:
(i) Zn(Hg)/HCl Clemensen’s reduction
(ii) NH2NH2/KOH Wolff-Kishner reduction
At 455-475 K
(iii) HI/P at 424 K
Some examples of reduction reactions involving the use of above reagents are given as follows:
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